| 0 | 0 | 5 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
实现锂电供应链关键矿产碳足迹精细刻画对于应对新型碳贸易政策、支撑新能源汽车产业发展意义重大，但长期以来锂资源跨国供应链隐含碳排放存在被低估的风险。为此，本文构建“源-流-碳”高分辨率碳足迹核算框架，融合Marine Traffic船舶自动识别系统真实航迹数据与陆运路网数据，对2024年我国主要锂资源供应链上游从矿场至港口的全链路交通碳足迹进行精细刻画。研究发现，在以锂归因电芯生产碳足迹为基准的条件下，中国进口锂资源交通运输环节的碳排放占比达到17.16%，显著高于传统研究中2%至5%的经验估算。其中，澳大利亚锂辉石精矿因低品位、大运距和高运输量叠加，构成最主要的交通碳负荷来源。同时，6%品位锂辉石精矿对应高达6.74倍的质量膨胀效应，导致锂资源进口被迫承担大量伴生废石跨洋运输所形成的隐形碳转移。基于此，本文提出海外初级加工布局、运输链条优化、本土化生命周期清单数据库建设及国际碳核算规则参与等策略，支撑我国锂电供应链低碳发展和提升国际竞争力。
Abstract：Precise carbon footprint quantification of critical minerals in lithium battery supply chains facilitates carbon trade compliance and low-carbon development of new energy vehicle industries. Existing research widely underestimates embodied carbon emissions in transnational lithium supply chains. This work develops a high-resolution "source-flowcarbon" accounting framework that combines MarineTraffic vessel trajectory data with land transportation network datasets. We conduct a refined evaluation of full-path transportation carbon footprints for China's primary imported lithium resources(mine-to-port) in 2024. Results indicate that transport carbon for imported lithium accounts for 17.16% of the cell lithiumrelated carbon footprint,far exceeding the traditional empirical range of 2%–5%. Australian spodumene concentrate dominates transport carbon burdens because of its low ore grade,long shipping distances,and massive trade scale. Specifically,6% Li_2O spodumene creates a 6.74-fold mass amplification effect;substantial transoceanic gangue delivery embeds concealed carbon transfer in lithium imports. We propose targeted solutions:overseas pre-processing facilities,transport chain optimization,localized life cycle inventory construction,and engagement in global carbon accounting standard formulation. Such approaches advance the low-carbon transformation of China's lithium battery supply chain and strengthen its global competitive edge.
[1]International Energy Agency.Global EV Outlook2024[R].Paris:IEA,2024.
[2]International Energy Agency.Global Supply Chains of EV Batteries[R].Paris:IEA,2022.
[3]生态环境部.中国应对气候变化的政策与行动2024年度报告[R].北京:生态环境部,2024.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China.China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change:2024 Annual Report[R].Beijing:Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People s Republic of China,2024.
[4]国务院办公厅.新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)[S].北京:国务院办公厅,2020.General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China.New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan(2021—2035)[S].Beijing:General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,2020.
[5]自然资源部.中国矿产资源报告2024[R].北京:地质出版社,2024.Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China.China Mineral Resources 2024[R].Beijing:Geologic al Publishing House,2024.
[6]International Energy Agency.Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024[R].Paris:IEA,2024.
[7]张苏江,崔立伟,孔令湖,等.国内外锂矿资源及其分布概述[J].有色金属工程,2020,10(10):95-104.Zhang Sujiang,Cui Liwei,Kong Linghu,et al.Overview of lithium resources and their distribution in China and abroad[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering,2020,10(10):95-104.
[8]European Parliament,Council of the European Union.Regulation(EU)2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries[S].Official Journal of the European Union,2023.
[9]工业和信息化部.2024年全国锂离子电池行业运行情况[R/OL].北京:工业和信息化部,2025.Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China.Operation of China's Lithiumion Battery Industry in 2024[R/OL].Beijing:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China,2025.
[10]工业和信息化部.锂离子电池行业规范条件(2024年本)[S].北京:工业和信息化部,2024.Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China.Specification Conditions for the Lithium-ion Battery Industry(2024 Edition)[S].Beijing:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China,2024.
[11]Kelly J C,Wang M,Dai Q,Winjobi O.Energy,greenhouse gas,and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2021,174:105762.
[12]Llamas-Orozco J A,Meng F,Walker G S,et al.Estimating the environmental impacts of global lithiumion battery supply chain:A temporal,geographical,and technological perspective[J].PNAS Nexus,2023,2(11):pgad361.
[13]Peiseler L,Schenker V,Schatzmann K,et al.Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials[J].Nature Communications,2024,15:10301.
[14]赵国庆,洪湃,班华,等.碳达峰碳中和背景下稀土产品的生命周期评价[J].有色金属工程,2022,12(5):144-148.Zhao Guoqing,Hong Pai,Ban Hua,et al.Life cycle assessment for rare earth product under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering,2022,12(5):144-148.
[15]Zhai Mengyu,Wu Yufeng,Tian Shaonan,et al.A circular economy approach for the global lithium-ion battery supply chain[J].Nature,2025,646(8087):1114-1121.
[16]袁文辉,张学东.退役动力电池回收体系政策与技术发展研究[J].有色金属(中英文),2025,15(6):1081-1086.Yuan Wenhui,Zhang Xuedong.Research on policy and technological development of the retirement power battery recycling system[J].Nonferrous Metals,2025,15(6):1081-1086.
[17]谷夏标,夏明月,周双,等.退役锂离子电池有价组分回收利用技术研究进展[J].有色金属(中英文),2025,15(11):2007-2017.Gu Xiabiao,Xia Mingyue,Zhou Shuang,et al.Research advances in recycling technologies for valuablecomponents from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Nonferrous Metals,2025,15(11):2007-2017.
[18]Dunn J B,Gaines L,Sullivan J,et al.Impact of recycling on cradle-to-gate energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive lithium-ion batteries[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(22):12704-12710.
[19]Dai Q,Kelly J C,Dunn J,Benavides P T.Update of bill-of-materials and cathode materials production for lithium-ion batteries in the GREET model[R].Argonne:Argonne National L aborato ry,2018.
[20]International Maritime Organization.Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2020[R].London:IMO,2021.
[21]Smith T W P,Jalkanen J P,Anderson B A,et al.Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014[R].London:Internatio nal Maritime Organization,2015.
[22]Jalkanen J P,Brink A,Kalli J,et al.A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9:9209-9223.
[23]Balcombe P,Brierley J,Lewis C,et al.How to decarbonise international shipping:Options for fuels,technologies and policies[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2019,182:72-88.
[24]全国标准化技术委员会.GB/T 24040—2008环境管理生命周期评价原则与框架[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.National Standardization Technical Committee.GB/T24040—2008 Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[25]全国标准化技术委员会.GB/T 24044—2008环境管理生命周期评价要求与指南[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.National Standardization Technical Committee.GB/T24044一2008 Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Requirements and Guidelines[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[26]全国碳排放管理标准化技术委员会.GB/T 32150—2015工业企业温室气体排放核算和报告通则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.National Carbon Emissions Management Standardization Technical Committee.GB/T 32150—2015 General Guideline of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting and Reporting for Industrial Enterprises[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2015.
[27]ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework[S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,2006.
[28]ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Requirements and guidelines[S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,2006.
[29]World Resources Institute,World Business Council for Sustainable Development.Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard[R].Washington,DC:WRI,2011.
[30]World Resources Institute,World Business Council for Sustainable Development.Corporate Value Chain(Scope 3)Accounting and Reporting Standard[R].Washington,DC:WRI,2011.
[31]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2024[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2024.National Bureau of Statistics of China.China Statistical Yearbook 2024[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2024.
[32]中华人民共和国海关总署.中国海关统计数据在线查询平台[DB/OL].北京:中华人民共和国海关总署,2024.General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China.China Customs Statistics Online Query Platform[DB/OL].Beijing:General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China,2024.
[33]中国电动汽车百人会.中国新能源汽车产业发展报告2024[R].北京:中国电动汽车百人会,2024.China EV100.China New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Report 2024[R].Beijing:China EV100,2024.
[34]United Nations Statistics Division.UN Comtrade Database[DB/OL].New York:United Nations,2024.
[35]U.S.Geological Survey.Mineral Commodity Summaries2025[R].Reston:U.S.Geological Survey,2025.
[36]MarineTraffic.Vessel Historical Track and Position History Data Service[DB/OL].Athens:MarineTraffic,2024.
[37]Google.Google Maps Platform Routes API Documentation[EB/OL].Mountain View:Google,2024.
[38]ISO 14083:2023 Greenhouse gases—Quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions arising from transport chain operations[S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,2023.
[39]Smart Freight Centre.Global Logistics Emissions Council Framework for Logistics Emissions Accounting and Reporting,version 3.0[R].Amsterdam:Smart Freight Centre,2023.
[40]中国汽车动力电池产业创新联盟.中国动力电池产业发展年度报告2024[R].北京:中国汽车动力电池产业创新联盟,2024.China Automotive Power Battery Industry Innovation Alliance.Annual Report on the Development of China's Power Battery Industry 2024[R].Beijing:China Automotive Power Battery Industry Innovation Alliance,2024.
[41]ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse gases—Carbon footprintof products—Requirements and guidelines for quantification[S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,2018.
[42]U.S.Congress.Public Law 117-169:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022[Z].Washington D.C.,2022.
[43]Peters G P.From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventorie s[J].Ecologic al Economic s,2008,65(1):13-23.
基本信息:
DOI：10.20242/j.issn.2097-5384.2026.09.002
中图分类号:X322;F426.61;F274
引用信息:
[1]王彤,胡广文,顾一帆,等.中国进口锂资源供应链交通碳足迹精细刻画[J].有色金属(中英文),2026,16(09):1780-1789.DOI:10.20242/j.issn.2097-5384.2026.09.002.
基金信息:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3904500); 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370188)~~
2026-09-25
2026-09-25